Volume 4, Issue 1

Comparison of Food Insecurity among Agro-Pastoralists and Pastoralists Communities in Pastoral-Livelihood Zone of Longido District, Tanzania
Case Study
This paper challenges the rationale for adopting agro-pastoralism as a means of improving food security in a fragile ecosystem such as that existent in Longido District, a semi-arid zone where food availability depends on interrelated factors such as environmental conditions, food production practices, and coping mechanisms. As such, it tested the hypothesis that: there is no significant difference in the degree of food insecurity among families that merely practice pastoralism and those combining pastoralism with cultivation in pastoral zones. To this end, the study administered a semi-structured questionnaire on 165 respondents so as to examine food sources, abundance, severity of food insecurity, and coping mechanisms. Respondents were randomly selected in three strata of the study area, i.e., Lowlands, which are dominated by pastoralists, Hills mainly occupied by agro-pastoralists, and the Mountains, where farming is predominant. The study reveals that while both pastoralists and agro-pastoralists do indeed face food shortages there is, however, no significant association (X2 = 8.8, p = 0.0653) between the magnitude of severity of food insecurity with any particular livelihood type thereby validating the hypothesis. The implication of this result is that as far as food insecurity is concerned in Longido, there is no added advantage in agro-pastoralism particularly where maize and beans are the main crops and cultivated under rain-fed situation. In view of this finding, the study suggests that it would be appropriate to promote pastoralism as a long-term food security in Longido District Council by protecting and establish permanent grazing area and preventing further cultivation. Further, it would be proper if strategies aimed at reduction of food insecurity in the area which considered food crops that are tolerant to climatic conditions as those in Longido such as sorghum, millet, sweet potatoes, cassava, etc.
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Journal of Food Security. 2016, 4(1), 18-26. DOI: 10.12691/jfs-4-1-3
Pub. Date: April 05, 2016
24381 Views11222 Downloads4 Likes
Empowering Import Regulation through Consumer Education: An Example of Mango Fruit Ripening and Calcium Carbide
Original Research
Fruit ripening has fostered the growth of a large-scale global industry in agricultural products. As a result of ripening techniques, fruits can be harvested while green, to be eventually sold with the appearance of full maturity in countries far from their point of origin. Given the size of the import market for fruits and vegetables in the United States, nearly fifty percent of all fruits and vegetables are imported. Arguably, consumers are highly dependent on the actions of regulatory authorities to ensure the food safety of imports. This paper will explore the use of calcium carbide in fruit ripening, specifically addressing the application of the chemical in the ripening of mangoes. After providing an overview of fruit and mango imports to the U.S., the paper will evaluate the known risks to human health from calcium carbide ripening. Following will be a discussion of current domestic regulatory protections specific to calcium carbide. The paper concludes with an evaluation of emerging risks and opportunities, promoting consumer education as a regulatory policing and risk mitigation strategy.
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Journal of Food Security. 2016, 4(1), 13-17. DOI: 10.12691/jfs-4-1-2
Pub. Date: March 05, 2016
8797 Views3072 Downloads3 Likes
Poverty, Food Security, Survival Activities and HIV and Aids in Swaziland
Original Research
Poor and food insecure people are especially vulnerable to HIV-infection as they are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviour such as commercial sex work, thus highly susceptible to HIV infection. This paper aims to contribute to the emerging discussion on food security and HIV and AIDS in Swaziland by interrogating the relationship between poverty, food security, survival activities and HIV and AIDS. Nsubane and Makhonza are the study sites, with Nsubane providing an acute example of a community or village in Swaziland ‘in crisis’ of food insecurity and poverty due to persistent droughts and crop failure, while Makhonza, on the other hand, provides a good example of an area that is food secure and less vulnerable to poverty. These two study sites were selected to determine and compare the survival activities undertaken in these two communities. Data was collected from 130 heads of households using household questionnaires, observation and two focus group discussions (of 15 participants) with the youth and elders of the communities (women and men separately). The study found that survival activities link food security and HIV and AIDS. It was found that in Nsubane (food insecured), most of the activities undertaken were associated with risks that expose the people to sexual abuse, activities such as selling of sexual favours, and getting money from lovers (multiple sexual partners). However, the study found that most of the activities undertaken in Makhonza (food secured) had few risks. The study concluded that poverty and food insecurity have a direct influence on people’s survival activities and push vulnerable households into engaging into risky activities in an attempt to secure food thus exposing them into getting infected with HIV and AIDS in the process. The study recommends that improving food security of rural households should be emphasized as among the strategies to fight with HIV and AIDS in Swaziland, especially in the poor areas. All legal and ethical considerations were adhered to during the research process. Participation was strictly voluntary, right to privacy was also observed.
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Journal of Food Security. 2016, 4(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.12691/jfs-4-1-1
Pub. Date: February 03, 2016
29460 Views15857 Downloads