Journal of Food Security. 2016, 4(1), 13-17
DOI: 10.12691/JFS-4-1-2
Original Research

Empowering Import Regulation through Consumer Education: An Example of Mango Fruit Ripening and Calcium Carbide

Madhavi Venkatesan1,

1Bridgewater State University, United States

Pub. Date: March 05, 2016

Cite this paper

Madhavi Venkatesan. Empowering Import Regulation through Consumer Education: An Example of Mango Fruit Ripening and Calcium Carbide. Journal of Food Security. 2016; 4(1):13-17. doi: 10.12691/JFS-4-1-2

Abstract

Fruit ripening has fostered the growth of a large-scale global industry in agricultural products. As a result of ripening techniques, fruits can be harvested while green, to be eventually sold with the appearance of full maturity in countries far from their point of origin. Given the size of the import market for fruits and vegetables in the United States, nearly fifty percent of all fruits and vegetables are imported. Arguably, consumers are highly dependent on the actions of regulatory authorities to ensure the food safety of imports. This paper will explore the use of calcium carbide in fruit ripening, specifically addressing the application of the chemical in the ripening of mangoes. After providing an overview of fruit and mango imports to the U.S., the paper will evaluate the known risks to human health from calcium carbide ripening. Following will be a discussion of current domestic regulatory protections specific to calcium carbide. The paper concludes with an evaluation of emerging risks and opportunities, promoting consumer education as a regulatory policing and risk mitigation strategy.

Keywords

food risk, regulation, imports, calcium carbide, fruit ripening

Copyright

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]  Anwar, R. & Malik, A. U. (2007). Hot water treatment affect ripening quality and storage life of mango. Pakistani Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(2). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256089320_Hot_water_treatment_affects_ripening_quality _and_storage_life_of_mango_%28Mangifera_indica_L.%29.
 
[2]  Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Department. (April 2007). Guidelines for export of Indian mangoes to U.S.A. Retrieved from http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/Announcements/GUIDELINES_MANGOES_TO_USA.pdf.
 
[3]  APHIS. (March 2007). Questions and Answers: Importing Indian Mangoes to the United States. Retrieved from http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/faq_imp_indian_mango.pdf.
 
[4]  Burg, S. P. & Burg, E. A. (March 1962). The roles of ethylene in fruit ripening. Plant Physiology, 37(2), p 179-189.
 
[5]  Buzby, J. C., Unnevehr, L. & Roberts, D. (September 2008). Food Safety and Imports: An Analysis of FDA Import Refusal Reports. Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib39.aspxCDC. (n.d.(a)) Estimates of foodborne illness in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/.
 
[6]  CDC. (n.d.(b)). CDC and food safety Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/cdc-and-food-safety.html.
 
[7]  EPA. (n.d.(a)) Revoking pesticide tolerances. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/tol_revocations.htm.
 
[8]  EPA. (n.d.(b)). Calcium carbide. Retrieved from http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33688.
 
[9]  EPA. (January 2000). Phosphorous. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/whitepho.html#ref4.
 
[10]  EPA. (June 15, 2006). Report of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Tolerance Reassessment and Risk Management Decision (TRED) for Ethephon. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/reregistration/REDs/ethephon_tred.pdf.
 
[11]  FDA. (n.d.(a)) Importing food into the United States. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/ImportsExports/Importing/.
 
[12]  FDA. (n.d.(b)) FDA globalization. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/InternationalPrograms/FDABeyondOurBordersForeignOffices/default.htm.
 
[13]  FDA. (n.d.(c)) Arsenic. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/UCM272693.pdf.
 
[14]  FDA. (n.d.(d)) Food and Drug Administration India. Retrieved from http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/fda2.html
 
[15]  FDA. (November 2013). 2013 Annual Report on food facilities, food imports, and FDA foreign offices. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/ucm376478.htm.
 
[16]  Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. (n.d.). Consuming fruits ripened artificially by calcium chloride. Retrieved from http://www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Article_on_fruits.pdf.
 
[17]  Food Safety News (October 31, 2012). After Salmonella Outbreaks, FDA Names Mango a “High Risk” Fruit. Retrieved from http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/10/after-salmonella-outbreaks-growers-are-told-mangoes-are-high-risk-fruit/#.VdpMo2DqcdU.
 
[18]  Fresh Plaza. (July 20, 2015(a)). Mexico: High temperatures affect mango crops in Escuinapa. Retrieved from http://www.freshplaza.com/article/143236/Mexico-High-temperatures-affect-mango-crops-in-Escuinapa.
 
[19]  Fresh Plaza. (April 22, 2015 (b)). Mexico: Fruit fly affects more than 4,000 tons of mangos. Retrieved from http://www.freshplaza.com/article/138631/Mexico-Fruit-fly-affects-more-than-4,000-tons-of-mangos.
 
[20]  Ganesan, R. (May 10, 2014). Are EU-rejected mangoes safe for India? Retrieved from http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/are-eu-rejected-mangoes-safe-for-india-114050901365_1.html. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/faq_imp_indian_mango.pdf.
 
[21]  Harris, G. (August 27, 2013). Salmonella in Spices Prompts Changes in Farming. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/28/world/asia/farmers-change-over-spices-link-to-food-ills.html.
 
[22]  International The News. (May 28, 2015). Producers continue to use calcium carbide to ripen fruit in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-186244-Producers-continue-to-use-calcium-carbide-to-ripen-fruit-in-Pakistan
 
[23]  Kavilanz, P. B. (May 1, 2007). Indian mangoes arrive in the U.S. after long hiatus. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2007/05/01/news/international/indian_mangoes/.
 
[24]  Menon, V. K. (June 2, 2014). Exposed! How mangoes are poisoned every day at APMC market. Retrieved from http://www.mid-day.com/articles/exposed-how-mangoes-are-poisoned-every-day-at-apmc-market/15346165#sthash.HRITMsmC.dpuf.
 
[25]  Mohammad, A. (2012). Physico-chemical properties and toxic effect of fruit-ripening agent calcium carbide. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 5(3), p.150-156.
 
[26]  Naik, S. N. (n.d.) Ripening-an important process in fruit development. Retrieved from http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/chemistry_application_2011/briefs/Fruit_ripening_by_Prof_S.N._ Nai_IIT_Delhi.pdf.
 
[27]  Palial, R. J. (May 24, 2015). Use of calcium carbide for ripening fruits goes unchecked. Retrieved from http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/use-of-calcium-carbide-for-ripening-fruits-goes-unchecked/84590.html.
 
[28]  Racino, B. (n.d.). Inspectors struggle to keep up with flood of imports. Retrieved from http://foodsafety.news21.com/2011/imports/border/#sthash.HGlpnSXz.dpuf.
 
[29]  Ripening fruit. (n.d). All about ripening. Retrieved from http://ripening-fruit.com/ethylene_-_c2h4.
 
[30]  Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. (n.d.) Fruit ripening. Retrieved from http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/fruit_ripening.pdf.
 
[31]  USDA. (March 30, 2015). U.S. food imports. Retrieved from http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/us-food-imports.aspx.
 
[32]  USDA. (May 20, 2015). U.S. phytosanitary regulation of mango imports. Retrieved from www.ers.usda.gov/.
 
[33]  Ward, R. W. (July 9, 2014). Driving the demand for mangoes with the National Mango Board. Retrieved from http://www.mango.org/sites/default/files/Mango%20Demand%20Report_ENG_Final.pdf.
 
[34]  WHO. (n.d.). Arsenic. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs372/en/.